The study brings scientists one step closer to clarifying the role that watershed inputs play in aquatic food webs.

While it has been recognized that animals living at the bottom of lakes and streams rely, in part, on inputs from the land, there has been controversy about whether open water animals, such as zooplankton, consume this material.

Lead author and Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies limnologist Dr. Jonathan J. Cole comments, "Our work changes the paradigm for how we describe the environment that supports fish. Zooplankton are one of the pillars of the aquatic food web. And while they do feed on algae, they also rely on materials derived from maple leaves, pine needles, and whatever else comes in from the surrounding watershed."

Using ambient stable isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, Cole and colleagues traced the diets of three zooplankton species commonly found in freshwater lakes: Daphnia, Holopedium, and Leptodiaptomus.

Animal samples were taken from two Wisconsin lakes with distinct profiles-Paul Lake, a small lake with moderate nutrient levels, and Crampton Lake, a larger nutrient-poor lake.

While it has been assumed that the zooplankton feed almost exclusively on algae, biomass analyses revealed a different story. In both lakes, organic matter that originated on land made up approximately a third of zooplankton biomass. When edible algae were scarce, zooplankton derived a higher percentage of their diet from terrestrial material.

Cole notes, "Historically, lake ecosystems have been studied in isolation. Yet we know lakes are connected to their watersheds and organic matter from land enters lakes in the form of run-off or ground water." Adding, "Our study adds to the growing body of evidence that aquatic food webs are subsidized by these inputs."

This is the most recent of several Cary Institute-led studies investigating watershed inputs to aquatic food webs; all of them have resulted in findings that indicate zooplankton feed on land-generated organic matter.

Other authors on the paper included: Drs. Stephen R. Carpenter (Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin), Jim Kitchell (Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin), Michael L. Pace (Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia), Chris Solomon (Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University), and Brian Weidel (Lake Ontario Biological Station, US Geological Survey).

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