When performing numerical weather predictions, it is important that the simulation itself be accurate, but it is also key for real-world data, based on observations, to be accurately entered into the model.

Typically, weather simulations work by having the computer conduct a number of simulations based on the current state, and then entering observational data into the simulation to nudge it in a way that puts it closer to the actual state.

The problem of incorporating data in the simulation - data assimilation - has become increasingly complex with the large number of types of available data, such as satellite observations and measurements taken from ground stations.

Typically, supercomputers today spend an approximately equal amount of time running the simulations and incorporating the real-world data.

Now, with research that could lead to more accurate forecasts, featured in the November 2015 issue of Computer, IEEE Computer Society's flagship publication, researchers from the RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science in Japan have run an enormous global weather simulation.

They ran 10,240 simulations of a model of the global atmosphere divided into 112-km sectors, and then used data assimilation and statistical methods to come up with a model closely fitting the real data for a historical time period, between November 1 and November 8, 2011. The simulations were run on Japan's flagship 10-petaflop K computer using NICAM, a simulation intended to accurately model the atmosphere.

One of the key findings is that faraway observations, several thousand kilometers in distance, may have an impact on the eventual state of the weather forecast. Data from the Great Lakes region in the United States, for instance, can have an impact on the eventual state in Europe. This finding suggests the need for further research on advanced methods that can make better use of faraway observations, as this could potentially lead to an improvement of weather forecasts.

According to Takemasa Miyoshi, who led the research team, "Forecasting is becoming better thanks to more powerful computers and better observational data from satellites and radars. We attempted to use a large number of samples using a relatively coarse simulation, and found that it performed quite well, fitting the actual data from the time period we chose. We are planning to use the power of the K computer's successor, as it develops, to create tools that could be used for better weather forecasting."