The tremor hit the Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) area in southern Italy at 12:07 pm (10:07 GMT), at a depth of three kilometres, according to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV).
It was preceded by two quakes of 2.1 magnitude, and followed by one of 3.5 magnitude 15 minutes later.
"A major seismic swarm is underway," wrote Gigi Manzoni, the mayor of the city of Pozzuoli near Naples, on social media.
He said it had "inevitably frightened the population" but urged everyone "to remain calm, to remain in open spaces -- this is a time of great anxiety".
He said he had deployed local police to the streets.
The Naples metro and the city's cable car were suspended as a precaution, local media said, but there were no immediate reports of damage or injuries.
Firefighters said they were carrying out checks on the stability of buildings.
Seismic activity is nothing new in the area, which is Europe's largest active caldera -- the hollow left after a volcanic eruption.
It stretches from the outskirts of Naples into the sea, measuring some 12 by 15 kilometres (7.4 by 9.3 miles).
But many of the 500,000 inhabitants living in the danger zone have been spooked by larger than usual quakes in the past year.
A 4.4 magnitude quake on March 13 caused several light injuries and damage to some buildings, 10 months after another similar tremor in May 2024 -- which was the biggest for 40 years.
"We continue to monitor (the situation) minute by minute, but we must avoid alarmism -- the data does not indicate worrying developments," INGV director Mauro Di Vito told the AGI news agency.
The volcanic eruption of Campi Flegrei 40,000 years ago was the most powerful in the Mediterranean.
A resurgence of seismic activity in the early 1980s led to a mass evacuation which temporarily reduced Pozzuoli to a ghost town.
Specialists, however, say a full-blown eruption in the near future remains unlikely.
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