On August 9, 1945, at 11:02 am, three days after a nuclear attack on Hiroshima, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
After heavy downpours Saturday morning, the rain stopped shortly before a moment of silence and ceremony in which Nagasaki mayor Shiro Suzuki urged the world to "stop armed conflicts immediately".
"Eighty years have passed, and who could have imagined that the world would become like this?
"A crisis that could threaten the survival of humanity, such as a nuclear war, is looming over each and every one of us living on this planet."
About 74,000 people were killed in the southwestern port city, on top of the 140,000 killed in Hiroshima.
Days later, on August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered, marking the end of World War II.
Historians have debated whether the bombings ultimately saved lives by bringing an end to the conflict and averting a ground invasion.
- 'Invisible terror' -
But those calculations meant little to survivors, many of whom battled decades of physical and psychological trauma, as well as the stigma that often came with being a hibakusha.
Ninety-three-year-old survivor Hiroshi Nishioka, who was just three kilometres (1.8 miles) from the spot where the bomb exploded, told ceremony attendees of the horror he witnessed as a young teenager.
"Even the lucky ones (who were not severely injured) gradually began to bleed from their gums and lose their hair, and one after another they died," he recalled.
"Even though the war was over, the atomic bomb brought invisible terror."
Nagasaki resident Atsuko Higuchi told AFP it "made her happy" that everyone would remember the city's victims.
"Instead of thinking that these events belong to the past, we must remember that these are real events that took place," the 50-year-old said.
On Saturday, 200-300 people attending mass at Nagasaki's Immaculate Conception Cathedral heard the two bells ring together for the first time since 1945.
One of them, 61-year-old Akio Watanabe, said he had been waiting since he was a young man to hear the bells chime together.
The restoration is a "symbol of reconciliation", he said, tears streaming down his face.
The imposing red-brick cathedral, with its twin bell towers atop a hill, was rebuilt in 1959 after it was almost completely destroyed in the monstrous explosion just a few hundred meters away.
Only one of its two bells was recovered from the rubble, leaving the northern tower silent.
With funds from US churchgoers, a new bell was constructed and restored to the tower, and chimed Saturday at the exact moment the bomb was dropped.
- 'Working together for peace' -
The cathedral's chief priest, Kenichi Yamamura, told AFP "it's not about forgetting the wounds of the past but recognising them and taking action to repair and rebuild, and in doing so, working together for peace".
He also sees the chimes as a message to the world, shaken by multiple conflicts and caught in a frantic new arms race.
Nearly 100 countries were set to participate in this year's commemorations, including Russia, which has not been invited since its 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
Israel, whose ambassador was not invited last year over the war in Gaza, was in attendance.
An American university professor, whose grandfather participated in the Manhattan Project, which developed the first nuclear weapons, spearheaded the bell project.
During his research in Nagasaki, a Japanese Christian told him he would like to hear the two bells of the cathedral ring together in his lifetime.
Inspired by the idea, James Nolan, a sociology professor at Williams College in Massachusetts, embarked on a year-long series of lectures about the atomic bomb across the United States, primarily in churches.
- 'In tears' -
He managed to raise $125,000 from American Catholics to fund the new bell.
When it was unveiled in Nagasaki in the spring, "the reactions were magnificent. There were people literally in tears", said Nolan.
Many American Catholics he met were also unaware of the painful history of Nagasaki's Christians, who, converted in the 16th century by the first European missionaries and then persecuted by Japanese shoguns, kept their faith alive clandestinely for over 250 years.
This story was told in the novel "Silence" by Shusaku Endo, and adapted into a film by Martin Scorsese in 2016.
He explains that American Catholics also showed "compassion and sadness" upon hearing about the perseverance of Nagasaki's Christians after the atomic bomb, which killed 8,500 of the parish's 12,000 faithful.
They were inspired by the "willingness to forgive and rebuild".
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